Saturday, October 5, 2013

DARPA's Spaceplane: an X-33 version.

Copyright 2013 Robert Clark



 DARPA has announced that it will be funding research into a reusable first stage booster to carry an orbital upper stage. But looking at the specifications of the cancelled programs the DC-X's suborbital follow-on, the DC-X2, and on the X-33 you'll note that they each could have performed this role. This would have led to greatly reduced orbital costs. Then both programs were cancelled prematurely.

 Part of the problem is that they were viewed as purely demonstration or experimental programs, without any potential profitability of their own. The profitability would have come with the full, and expensive, SSTO programs to follow. However, if it had been noted these could have been used as fully reusuable first stages, then their value would have been seen on their own. So that they would have been understood as deserving of funding whether or not the SSTO's were to follow.

 The story of the X-33 is well-known now among space advocates:

X-33/VentureStar – What really happened.
January 4, 2006 by Chris Bergin
http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2006/01/x-33venturestar-what-really-happened/

 It was to be a suborbital experimental test vehicle for a larger SSTO called the VentureStar. For the VentureStar to have been SSTO with significant payload would have required aggressive weight saving techniques such as composite tanks. Such composite tanks were to be tested on the X-33 before committing to the full VentureStar.

 However, the composite tanks failed on the X-33. Since it was felt the SSTO version could not succeed with regular metal tanks, the program was cancelled. However, in point of fact even if you replaced the failed composite tanks with aluminum-lithium ones the X-33 could still be used as a reusable first stage.

 The problem with the tanks is that their unusual conformal shape required them to use greater tank mass compared to the mass of propellant carried than by usual cylindrically shaped tanks:

Space Access Update #91 2/7/00.
The Last Five Years: NASA Gets Handed The Ball, And Drops It.
...part of L-M X-33's weight growth was the "multi-
lobed" propellant tanks growing considerably heavier than promised.
Neither Rockwell nor McDonnell-Douglas bid these; both used proven
circular-section tanks. X-33's graphite-epoxy "multi-lobed" liquid
hydrogen tanks have ended up over twice as heavy relative to the
weight of propellant carried as the Shuttle's 70's vintage aluminum
circular-section tanks - yet an X-33 tank still split open in test
last fall. Going over to aluminum will make the problem worse; X-
33's aluminum multi-lobed liquid oxygen tank is nearly four times as
heavy relative to the weight of propellant carried as Shuttle's
aluminum circular-section equivalent.
http://www.space-access.org/updates/sau91.html

  However, ironically it turned out that the hydrogen tank weight for the X-33 actually went down when replaced by aluminum:

From "X-33/VentureStar – What really happened" :
Faced with a project failure, Lockheed Martin and X-33 NASA managers gave the green light to proceed with the fabrication of the new tank. Ironically this new tank weighed in less than the composite tank – disproving one of the reasons for going with a composite tank in the first place.
While the aluminium LH2 tank was much heavier than the composite tank in the skins, the joints were much lighter, which was where all the weight in the composite tank was, due to the multi-lobed shape of the tank requiring a large amount of surrounding structure, such as the joints. Ironically, the original design of the X-33 on the drawing board had the tanks made out of aluminium for this reason – but the cost played a factor for the potential customer base.
Then on replacing the composite hydrogen tanks with Al-Li the dry mass should be less. So I'll use the same numbers for the dry mass and gross mass, 75,000 lbs for the dry mass and 285,000 lbs for the gross.

 The X-33 was to use two aerospike XRS-2200 engines. According to Wikipedia, the XRS-2200 produces 204,420 lbf (909,300 N) thrust with an Isp of 339 seconds at sea level, and 266,230 lbf (1,184,300 N) thrust with an Isp of 436.5 seconds in a vacuum. So two will have a vacuum thrust of 2,368,600 N.

 Now choose for the upper stage an efficient cryogenic stage such as the Centaur or the Ariane H10. We'll use Dr. John Schilling's Launch Performance Calculator to estimate the payload possible. Take the specifications for the Centaur rounded off as 2,000 kg dry mass, 21,000 kg propellant mass, 100 kN vacuum thrust and 451 s vacuum Isp. Then the Calculator gives a payload of 5,275 kg to orbit:

Mission Performance:
Launch Vehicle:  User-Defined Launch Vehicle
Launch Site:  Cape Canaveral / KSC
Destination Orbit:  185 x 185 km, 28 deg
Estimated Payload:  5275 kg
95% Confidence Interval:  4252 - 6507 kg

 The cost of a Centaur upper stage is in the range of $30 million. But how much for a reusable X-33? This article gives the cost to build a X-33 as $360 million in 1998 dollars:

Adventure star  
12:00 18 Nov 1998  Source:  Flight.
By:  Graham Warwick/WASHINGTON DC

 Even taking into account inflation the cost should not be terribly much more than that when you also take into account the decrease in price for composites because of their more common use. 

 The launch preparation costs should also be low since the X-33 was expected to be operated by only a 50 man ground crew compared to the 18,000 required for the shuttle system:

Lockheed Secret Projects: Inside the Skunk Works.

 Say the builder expected a 25% profit over cost of the vehicle over 100 flights. That would be a charge of $4.5 million per flight. With the Centaur upper stage that would be $34.5 million per flight for 5,275 kg to orbit, about $6,500 per kilo. This is a significant saving over the ca. $10,000 per kilo for launchers in the West. It is still well above DARPA's desired price point of $5 million per flight, but it is for a larger payload than the DARPA required 3,000 to 5,000 pounds.

 A lower cost launcher could be obtained using a cheaper upper stage, such as the Ariane H10 stage. This is about 12 mT in propellant load and 1.2 mT in dry mass at 445 s vacuum  Isp and 63 kN vacuum thrust. The Calculator gives a payload mass of 3,762 kg.

 The cost for the H10 stage according to Astronautix is $12 million. Then the total would be $16.5 million. At a payload of 3,672 kg, this is $4,500 per kilo. This would be a great cut in cost for small size payloads, but the total cost is still too high for the DARPA price requirements.

 Another possibility for a cheaper upper stage would be the Falcon 1's first stage. This has a dry mass of 1,450 kg and propellant mass of 27,100. We'll use for it though the upgraded Merlin 1D Vacuum at 800 kN vacuum thrust and 340 s Isp. Then the Calculator gives a payload mass of 5,238 kg. 

 The latest listed price for the Falcon 1 in 2008 was about $8 million. But we only need the first stage. Elon Musk has said for the Falcon 9 the cost of the first stage is 3/4ths the cost. If also true for the Falcon 1, that would put the cost at $6 million for the first stage. Then the total cost would be $10.5 million, $2,000 per kilo. This is a quite low cost per kilo and it would be a significant advance to have payload this size launched at such low cost, whether or not it would qualify under the DARPA program.
  
 We can get closer though to the DARPA total cost requirement by taking instead the Falcon 1's upper stage. This has a 360 kg dry mass and 3,385 kg propellant mass. The vacuum thrust is 31 kN and vacuum Isp, 330 s. Then the Calculator gives a payload of 959 kg. Taking the cost of the Falcon 1 upper stage as 1/4th that of the $8 million cost of the Falcon 1, this puts the total cost as $6.5 million

 This is a little below the DARPA requirement to LEO of at least 3,000 lbs and at a cost a bit above the $5 million limit, but likely tweaking the sizes of the lower and upper stages can get them within the required range.

 In regards to changing the size, an ideal solution would be to get an upper stage from a scaled down X-33. This would in fact allow us to get a fully reusable two-stage system. Say we scaled down the size of the X-33 by a half in the linear dimensions. This would give us a vehicle 1/8th as large in mass. Then the dry mass would be 4,000 kg with 12,000 kg propellant mass. Take the thrust as 1/8th as large as well at 300 kN, while using the same Isp 436.5 s. Then the Calculator gives us a payload of 1,902 kg.

 Given its 1/8th as large mass, we may estimate the cost to build this half-scale X-33 as $45 million. Using again a 25% price markup over 100 flights, that would be $560,000 per flight. This then would be quite close to the total cost range requirement for the DARPA program.


   Bob Clark

7 comments:

Gary Johnson said...

Well-researched and written, Bob. Thanks.

I think your point about an X-33 derivative being the first stage of a TSTO system is excellent. Why X-33 never even tried to go there is a mystery to me, other than vision clouded with preconceptions.

I have a posting over at "exrocketman" about building conformal pressure vessels. It's based on real experiences I had with shapes and materials about a quarter century ago.

GW

Robert Clark said...

The weight of the tanks is a major hit for the X-33. If you can reduce that that would be a major advance.

Bob Clark

DJF said...

The problem with the X-33 is they tried to build it before they had answers to basic questions. There were three major unknowns, the linear aerospike engine, the conformal fuel tanks and the new advanced thermal protection system. They tried building the craft before they knew what these three items were capable of.

They should have started with three experimental programs, to find out what the parameters were for these items, such as the conformal fuel tanks. That way they could have tried different materials and shapes to find out what worked best.

Then once they got some basic information on these unknowns they could design the craft with the best way for each item. Maybe the fuel tanks could have been composite if the shape was different or maybe out of aluminum with another shape. The same with the engines, or the thermal protection system.

Instead they designed the craft and started building and then found that the assumptions about the unknown factors were wrong and had to keep on redesigning and modifying the craft until they ran out of money.

Anonymous said...

Then again, the X-33/VentureStar project was built on technologies loaned from the "black world" of the military. NASA applied its expertise, along with its budget dollars, to developing a vehicle from these technologies right up until the vehicle was about to fly, and then...the project was abruptly cancelled. On grounds dubious enough that some questioned the cancellation and felt the stated problem (the fuel tanks) should have been challenged with viable-seeming solutions. Meanwhile, the work done up until that point belongs to the military, the technology loan is recalled, and the vehicle disappears back into the black world.

And we're supposed to believe the military, which clearly had an interest in this project, followed NASA's example and walked away? And failed to complete the vehicle's development? Turned down a golden opportunity to build in secret a next-generation, multipurpose spacecraft capable of outperforming previous vehicles that it used (such as the Shuttle)?

For those who believe that, I've got some land in Florida that I can sell to them...

Present Admin said...

There are reports that Lockheed Martin built a 1/5 scale model successfully and has tested it several times. Why didn't the government fund further development of this vehicle rather then dumping money into space X, dream chaser etc.

Robert Clark said...

Thanks. Do you have a ref. for that? Even at 1/5th size it could serve as a reusable booster for an orbital system for nanosats. See for example this post on the New Shepard:

New Shepard as a booster for orbital launcher.
http://exoscientist.blogspot.com/2016/01/new-shepard-as-booster-for-orbital.html

Anonymous said...

I don't think using chemical propellants even with liquid Hydrogen / Oxygen an average or close to 400 seconds specific impulse will allow any SSTO vehicle to be feasible. Wait a minute you mean a SSTO is not at all possible? No, not at all because I currently feel engineers assume only one rocket burn going into Earth orbit and this I think is the problem. Using more than one On Off rocket engine burn may allow a SSTO to work with today's technology. Now after that problem is solved a rocket that burns three times for say 8.0 Kilometer second can release the payload which goes into orbit while the craft returns to Earth may best. Thanks Wesley D. (psynpetergmx)

SpaceX should explore a weight-optimized, expendable Starship upper stage.

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