Could ‘Oumuamua be a spent rocket stage?

Copyright 2023 Robert Clark

 I was interested to read of a supposed asteroid passing near Earth turning out to be a Centaur upper stage launched in 1966. Because of the oddities of 'Oumuamua I wondered if the same could be true of 'Oumuamua as well.

 This occurred to me in reading Avi Loeb discussing 'Oumuamua in his book, Extraterrestrial. He noted it had some small changing acceleration as if by outgassing. This would be the case if say a rocket stage developed a small hole and was outgassing the residual propellant left in the rocket after burnout even years later.

 Because the Centaur rocket stage is bright white I wondered if such a stage could be visible in asteroid surveys at such a distance as 'Oumuamua was seen, about 25 million km at closest approach to Earth. The Centaur is only 3 meters wide by 12 meters long. 'Oumuamua's cylindrical shape is also notable. Also notable is Spitzer space telescope could not detect it in the infrared. The explanation given was a bright, i.e., reflective, object would heat up less, as it reflects much of the incident light, and so it was concluded Oumuamua was among the brightest of comets, assumed a comet because of the outgassing:

NEWS | November 14, 2018
NASA Learns More About Interstellar Visitor 'Oumuamua
Small but Reflective
The new study also suggests that 'Oumuamua may be up to 10 times more reflective than the comets that reside in our solar system — a surprising result, according to the paper's authors. Because infrared light is largely heat radiation produced by "warm" objects, it can be used to determine the temperature of a comet or asteroid; in turn, this can be used to determine the reflectivity of the object's surface — what scientists call albedo. Just as a dark T-shirt in sunlight heats up more quickly than a light one, an object with low reflectivity retains more heat than an object with high reflectivity. So a lower temperature means a higher albedo.
https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/759/nasa-learns-more-about-interstellar-visitor-oumuamua/

But this would also be the case for a rocket stage painted white. Could the Centaur stage be visible at 25 million km distance by optical telescopes in being bright white?

 But there is also the issue of the fact 'Oumuamua was on a trajectory suggesting escape velocity. In Loebs book he discusses that asteroids can be ejected from their parent systems by interactions with other planets in their systems. Then what occurred to me is whether a spent rocket stage could reach solar system escape velocity by the slingshot effect used on some of our spacecraft to get additional speed.

 The possibility I was thinking about was the New Horizons mission. The spacecraft was given high initial speed by the stages sending it to the outer solar system but then additionally to that it was first directed towards Jupiter for a Jupiter slingshot effect.

 The NH spacecraft was given escape velocity at Jupiter after the gravity assist though actually aimed at Pluto.

 But suppose the Centaur, which was the upper stage to the Atlas V launcher, was also aimed at Jupiter in order to get NH there. There was an additional solid 3rd stage carrying the NH that got a slingshot effect from Jupiter. But it may have been the Centaur was aimed at Jupiter as well.

 Now suppose the Centaur on reaching Jupiter happened to be so aimed, unintentionally perhaps, that Jupiter's orbital motion around the Sun plus the slingshot effect would be sufficient to give the Centaur solar system escape velocity. 

 But the aiming, whether unintentional or not, would have to be that rather than heading directly out of the solar system it would be headed towards the inner solar system.

 But that’s where idea encounters problems. On calculating ‘Oumuamua’s trajectory backwards from its sighting near Earth, it appears to have had an incoming trajectory nearly perpendicular to the plane of the Solar System, at 123 degrees, as described by Adam Hibberd. 

 It doesn’t seem possible that the Centaur after it’s gravity assist at Jupiter would come into the inner solar system at such a high angle. 

 Another problem is the closeness of the flyby’s of Mercury, Venus, and Earth by ‘Oumuamua. 

 See discussion here:

Further strangeness of 'Oumuamua.

http://exoscientist.blogspot.com/2023/09/further-strangeness-of-oumuamua.html

 It doesn’t seem reasonable that a rocket  stage after doing a close flyby of Jupiter would subsequently also do ones of Mercury, Venus, and Earth. 

 So here’s another possibility. The Messenger spacecraft did multiple flybys of Mercury, Venus, and Earth on its trip to Mercury.

 Then the upper stage that delivered Messenger on its trajectory to escape Earth may also have followed Messenger in its encounters with the inner solar system planets. The rocket that launched Messenger was the Delta II. 

 The upper stage had white fairings around it. But it seems likely these fairings are jettisoned like are the fairings making up the nose cone around the spacecraft. Then we’ll look at the second stage under the fairing.

 It was the Delta K stage. It was smaller than the Centaur stage at 2.4 meters wide and 6 meters long. There is also the issue of it, likely, not having bright white sides like the Centaur. So the question of whether it would be visible at the 25 million km closest approach of ‘Oumuamua becomes even more relevant. 

The Color of ‘Oumuamua.

 The color of ‘Oumuamua has been described as red. This was taken as supportive of it being like the outer solar system objects that are also red. The inference was of it either acquiring a similar coating from long periods in the outer solar system or of it being a similar object in the outer stellar system of its origin.

 On the issue of ‘Oumuamua being uniformly red however there is some debate. At least one observational report describes it as “neutral” colored:

Col-OSSOS: Colors of the Interstellar Planetesimal 1I/'Oumuamua

Michele T. Bannister, et al.

The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Volume 851, Number 2

Focus on the First Interstellar Small Body `Oumuamua

The grJ colors of 1I/'Oumuamua are at the neutral end of the solar system populations (Figure 3). About 15% of the TNOs have colors consistent with 1I/'Oumuamua, all in dynamically excited populations. 1I/'Oumuamua's color is also consistent with that of the less-red Jupiter Trojans, which are P type (Emery et al. 2011), and with Bus & Binzel (2002a) and DeMeo et al. (2009) X type in the asteroids, which encompasses the Tholen (1984) E, M, and P classifications. As its albedo is unknown, we do not describe 1I/'Oumuamua as consistent with the Tholen (1984) P type.

Notably, 1I/'Oumuamua does not share the distinctly redder colors of the cold classical TNOs (Tegler et al. 2003; Pike et al. 2017), which may be on primordial orbits. Nor is its color among the red or "ultra-red" colors of the larger TNOs on orbits that cross or are well exterior to the heliopause (Sheppard 2010; Trujillo & Sheppard 2014; Bannister et al. 2017). The cause of ultra-red coloration of these TNOs is unknown, but has been attributed to long-term cosmic-ray alteration of organic-rich surfaces (Jewitt 2002), such as would be expected during the long duration of interstellar travel.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/aaa07c/meta

 Still the detected red coloration of some observations could be due to the red engine nozzle of the Delta K stage.

 Escape velocity by gravity assists from inner planets? 

 The high velocity of ‘Oumuamua, well above Solar System escape velocity, has been much remarked upon, and it is the reason why it was taken to be an interstellar object. However, the New Horizons spacecraft was able to achieve escape velocity from a gravity assist, a “gravitational slingshot”, from Jupiter. And actually a surprising fact is that a close flyby of any of the planets can result in escape velocity being achieved by a spacecraft.

 See the discussion here:

Gravitational Slingshot

An extreme form of the maneuver would be to approach a planet head-on at a speed v while the planet is moving directly toward us at a speed U (both speeds defined relative to the "fixed" Solar frame). If we aim just right we can loop around behind the planet in an extremely eccentric hyperbolic orbit, making a virtual 180-degree turn, as illustrated below.

The net effect is almost as if we "bounced" off the front of the planet. From the planet's perspective we approached at the speed U+v, and therefore we will also recede at the speed U+v relative to the planet, but the planet is still moving at (virtually) the speed U, so we will be moving at speed 2U+v. This is just like a very small billiard ball bouncing off a very large one.

https://www.mathpages.com/home/kmath114/kmath114.htm

 You see the maximum added velocity due to the gravity assist is about twice the speed of the planets orbital velocity around the Sun. But the escape velocity at a planets distance from the Sun is square-root of 2 times its orbital velocity. So a spacecraft encountering the planet at sufficiently close distance and at the right angle could achieve escape velocity from a gravity assist.

 Then the Messenger launchers upper stage following Messenger’s trajectory, during one of the Messenger flyby’s, or even one years later, could due to small variations in the flight path be sent on an even closer encounter to the planet than Messenger and thus achieve escape velocity. 

 But if this is true how is it the simulations projecting backwards ‘Oumuamua’s trajectory show the closest approach to the inner planets millions of kilometers away not the hundreds to thousands of kilometers away needed for a gravitational slingshot? 

 

 Note that when you project back a trajectory you assume the object has not at some point flipped the direction it is traveling. But in the most extreme case that is exactly what can happen with a gravitational slingshot, as shown in the diagram above.

 This can be taken account in such trajectory simulations if you know a gravity assist did take place. That is to say, an alteration in the flight path in such a case can be taken into account, even if not necessarily to the most extreme case of reversing direction. 

 But there is a scenario where you did not know it. You see an object have a certain speed and a certain direction at a certain time, say, when it passes closest to Earth. You project backwards and note the distance at closest distance to, say, Venus is millions of kilometers away from that planet

 But IF that object at some earlier time than the time of the supposed Venus closest approach the object had a higher speed then the object could still have made a gravitational slingshot flyby of the planet with Venus being at a different location.

 Then to see if this did happen in the ‘Oumuamua case you would have to project back further then the supposed closest approaches of Venus and Mercury to see if at earlier times gravitational slingshots by these planets could have resulted in it appearing at the same location, speed, and direction as observed when it made its closest approach to Earth. The calculations are made more complicated though by the possibility of it having multiple flybys.

Detections by radio telescopes?

 The possibility that spent rocket stages can be mistaken for asteroids suggest additional observational techniques should be made when they are discovered. ‘Oumuamua was scanned to see if it was emanating radio transmissions, and none were found. But it still might have been detectable by radio telescopes or by radar. It might have been determined for example if it were more reflective than usual suggesting it was made of metal.

  Robert Clark

Further strangeness of 'Oumuamua.

 Copyright 2023 Robert Clark

  Harvard astronomer Avi Loeb listed 6 strange things about the interstellar object 'Oumuamua unexpected in a naturally occuring asteroid or comet:

6 Strange Facts about the Interstellar Visitor 'Oumuamua
By Abraham Loeb on November 20, 2018
https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/6-strange-facts-about-the-interstellar-visitor-oumuamua/

 Software engineer Adam Hibberd of the Initiative for 4 Interstellar Studies(i4is) has also discussed the unusual aspects of the interstellar object in regards to its point of origin and perihelion distance:

‘Oumuamua: Some More Strangeness
16 June 2022
https://i4is.org/oumuamua-some-more-strangeness/

 Hibberd noted the trajectory parameters of 'Oumuamua were such they would only happen about 2.5% of the time. He also noted the unusal aspects of 'Oumuamua's trajectory made it more likely for it to be detected from Earth. But by that same token, wouldn't that also mean for a supposed craft observing Earth the trajectory characteristics would make the observations easier?

 In that regard, note some further odd properties of 'Oumuamua are described below.

1.)See the speeds of 'Oumuamua by distance from the Sun here:

Oumuamua speed relative to the Sun^[63]

Distance	Date	Velocity km/s
2300 AU	1605	26.34
1000 AU	1839	26.35
100 AU	2000	26.67
10 AU	2016	29.50
1 AU	9 August 2017	49.67
Perihelion	9 September 2017	87.71[10]
1 AU	10 October 2017	49.67[e]
10 AU	2019	29.51
100 AU	2034	26.65
1000 AU	2196	26.36
2300 AU	2430	26.32

 Notable is that the velocity of 'Oumuamua at 1 AU of 49.67 km/s is close to the escape velocity from the Sun at 1 AU, i.e., the escape velocity from the Sun at Earth's distance from the Sun, of 42 km/s.

 If you think of a natural interstellar asteroid then its speed passing 1 AU could be below escape velocity at that distance or above it. But for an artificial interstellar satellite, you don't want it to be below escape velocity from the Sun because you wouldn't want it captured in that system you are examining. So you would want it above the escape velocity, but not too far above it so as to allow accurate observations.

 Then it would be useful to examine the odds of 'Oumuamua having a speed at 1 AU so close to Earth's escape velocity.

2.)The closeness of 'Oumuamua to the Earth at closest approach of 0.16 AU was quite surprising considering it is an interstellar object. But also unexpected is the closeness it came to the other planets of the inner solar system:

This animation shows the trajectory of 'Oumuamua in relation to Mercury, Venus, and Earth:

 The video provides the distance of 'Oumuamua to those inner planets at closest approach. For Mercury and Venus, it's 0.285 AU and 0.605 AU respectively.

 And for the Earth. it's 0.163 AU at closest approach:

  While this image showing the closeness of the Earth approach is interesting, something else about it is  also interesting. It appears at this time of closest approach to the Earth, all three of Mercury, Venus, Mars would be visible in the sky at the same time from Earth. This is notable because this only happens about one day per year. So there is only about 1/365 chance of this happening. So this multiplies times the unlikelihood of it's trajectory as calculated by Hibberd.

 As to why this would happen, one could say this supposed artificial visitor wanted a nice picture of all the inner planets in the sky at the same time. But I think a likelier possibility is the intent was to have close approaches of all the inner planets. The parameters of such a trajectory necessitated at some point Mercury, Venus. and Mars would be visible in the sky at the same time from Earth.

 Given this fact, a calculation of the odds should be made of the trajectory parameters being such that 'Oumuamua made such close approaches to Mercury, Venus, and Earth.

  Robert Clark