A Small Raptor Spaceship.

Copyright 2017 Robert Clark

 In the blog post "SpaceX BFR tanker as an SSTO", I suggested the BFR tanker could as an expendable SSTO get a comparable payload to orbit as the Falcon Heavy at ca. 50 metric tons.  SpaceX however wants to move to reusables. But Elon in his presentation on the BFR suggested the BFR tanker as a reusable SSTO might get less than 15 metric tons to orbit.

 This large loss in payload when switching to reusable is due to the large amount of propellant that must be kept on reserve for the vertical, propulsive landing. I argued then for using winged, horizontal landing to retain most of the payload of the expendable case, perhaps only a 10% drop from ca. 50 tons to ca. 45 tons.

 This would be different from the SpaceX preferred vertical landing method. But the production of a routine manned orbital flight capability is so important it should be implemented even if it would require completely different spaceships for the orbital flight and interplanetary flight uses.

 There is also the fact that if it does prove to be the case that switching to a winged, horizontal landing allows most of the expendable SSTO payload to be retained, then this may also be the case for the full two-stage BFR. Then instead of losing 100 tons off the expendable 250 ton payload to only 150 tons as reusable, a 40% loss, perhaps only 10% would be lost, so a 225 ton reusable payload. 

 This would be important for maintaining high payload with reusability both for the SSTO and full two-stage cases. But both of these are high payload launchers at ca. 45 and 225 tons. But SpaceX has spoken of moving all their launchers to the Raptor engines. In that case SpaceX needs a small launcher.

 We could make it half-size to the BFR upper stage. However, to give it flexibility to also be used as a upper stage we'll make it one-quarter size, at a ca. 275 ton propellant load. A first level estimate would put the dry mass at 1/4th of the BFR tanker dry mass so at 50/4 = 12.5 metric tons. But as mass ratio improves as you scale up a rocket, so also does it reduce as you scale a rocket down. Then as a second level estimate we'll take the scaling relationship as Elon did in his presentation on the BFR.

 Elon cited the dry mass of the BFR spaceship as 85 tons, a factor of 85/75 = 1.13 times more than just by proportional scaling. However, this small size stage is 1/4th size, not just half-size. So we'll apply this scaling factor twice, i.e., by the factor 1.13^2 = 1.28. Then we'll take the dry mass as 1.28*12.5 = 16 tons. 

 This can be lofted by two of the Raptor engines with a total sea level thrust of 2*1,700,000 N = 3,400,000 N = 347,000 kilogram-force. Now use the Schilling launch vehicle performance calculator to estimate the payload. The estimator takes the vacuum Isp and thrust values so 375 s Isp and 2*1,900,000 N = 3,800,000 N total thrust.

 Then the input screen appears as:

 And the results appear as:

A payload of ca. 8,100 kg as an expendable SSTO. Using the 10% payload loss estimate for a winged reusable, this would be ca. 7,300 kg as a reusable SSTO. 

 This might be enough to carry the manned Dragon 2 to orbit as a reusable SSTO. Based on its size being 1/8th that of the ITS upper stage, which has a $130 million production cost, we can estimate the production cost of this SRS as $16 million, and keep in mind it is intended to have hundreds of flights. We can imagine then private individuals purchasing their own small, reusable launchers to orbit.

 Moreover, Elon has spoken of doing short hops of the BFR upper stage to test the point-to-point transport capability. A quarter-scale version would allow this to be tested with less financial risk. Such a smaller test vehicle would also allow you to test more cheaply alternative return methods such as winged, horizontal landing. This test vehicle if successful could then go right to production for use by SpaceX for launches they sell, or for selling to individuals for conducting their own launches.

 To increase the payload, we may want to add another engine. After giving the dry mass an additional 1,000 kg, and raising the total thrust to 5,700,000 N because of the third engine, the input screen appears as:

 And the results are:

 A 9,700 kg expendable SSTO payload. After a 10% reusable payload loss, the reusable SSTO payload would be 8,700 kg. This higher payload may be necessary for the Dragon 2 to also carry the launch abort system.

Two-stage case.

 We'll calculate now the payload using the BFR tanker as the booster and the SRS as the upper stage.

The input page now looks like:

And the results page looks like:

Methods of increasing take-off thrust.

 One issue with this two-stage rocket though is the low liftoff thrust/weight ratio when carrying the upper stage might make the actual payload less than that indicated by the calculator. So we'll explore some possibilities of increasing the take-off thrust. One possibility is a thrust scale up. For instance the Merlin Full Thrust is at about a 15% increase above the rated thrust value of the Merlin 1D. And the SSME had a maximum thrust value 9% above its rated value.

 However, another possibility is a recent research advance in engines known as "thrust augmentation nozzle", TAN. It's sort of like an afterburner for rocket engines. What it does is inject propellant into the nozzle and ignites it to generate additional thrust. See discussion here:

Thrust Augmented Nozzles
Posted on November 12, 2007 by Jonathan Goff

http://selenianboondocks.com/2007/11/thrust-augmented-nozzles/

 In experiments the researchers were able to increase thrust by up to 70%.

 It is notable that TAN also serves as a method of altitude compensation for it allows larger, vacuum optimized nozzles to also be used at sea level by preventing separation by conducting combustion also in the nozzle. Some method of altitude compensation should be used to optimize performance both at sea level and vacuum rather than making trades of which combination of sea level, mid level, and vacuum engines to use. Some possibilities to do the altitude compensation, though not the liftoff  thrust increase, are discussed at, [1], [2], [3], [4], [5].

 A variation on TAN may allow also to increase the effective Isp at sea level. The idea behind the variation is to use atmosphere air as the oxidizer for the augmented thrust combustion.

We will need to bring the atmospheric air into the nozzle to burn with the fuel. One possibility is indicated here:

Rocket motor thrust nozzle with means to direct atmospheric air into the interior of the nozzle.
US 3469787 A.

https://www.google.com/patents/US3469787

 We would open up vents on the nozzle to allow air to flow in, then burn it with the fuel. We would have to insure the vents we opened were further down on the nozzle so that the reduced pressure of the exhaust flow further down would allow the atmospheric air to enter in. We also don't want after we ignite the fuel with the air for this exhaust to exit back out the vents, further reason for making the opened vents to be further down the sides of the nozzle.

  Another implementation of this idea would use the aerospike nozzle.

 The fuel would be emitted from the sides of the aerospike lower down on the spike where the exhaust pressure is lower and the ambient air pressure would constrain the combustion.

 A problem with both the vented nozzle and aerospike implementations though is the pressure of combustion would be at most one bar. This would limit the thrust produced. Still, it may be the mass of nitrogen heated along with the oxygen might permit sufficient thrust production.

 Another possibility is to use a vapor-air detonation as the combustion method. This will permit high exhaust speed for the combustion:

Methane-Air Detonation Experiments at NIOSH Lake Lynn Laboratory.
https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/mining/userfiles/works/pdfs/madea.pdf


  Bob Clark



REFERENCES.
1.)Altitude compensation attachments for standard rocket engines, and applications.
http://exoscientist.blogspot.com/2014/10/altitude-compensation-attachments-for.html

2.)Altitude compensation attachments for standard rocket engines, and applications, Page 2: impulse pressurization methods.
http://exoscientist.blogspot.com/2016/01/altitude-compensation-attachments-for.html

3.)Altitude compensation attachments for standard rocket engines, and applications, Page 3: stretchable metal nozzles.
http://exoscientist.blogspot.com/2016/06/altitude-compensation-attachments-for.html

4.)Altitude compensation attachments for standard rocket engines, and applications, Page 4: the double aerospike.
http://exoscientist.blogspot.com/2016/10/altitude-compensation-attachments-for.html

5.)Altitude compensation attachments for standard rocket engines, and applications, Page 5: metal foil expandable nozzles.
http://exoscientist.blogspot.com/2017/08/altitude-compensation-attachments-for.html

SpaceX BFR tanker as an SSTO.

Copyright 2017 Robert Clark

 Elon Musk has suggested the development of orbital point-to-point manned transport may pay for the development of his Mars colonization plans, the idea being there would be a great market for such manned flights. Peter Diamandis has made this point as well, that there would be a great market for such flights to orbit:

Peter Diamandis: Taking the next giant leap in space.

 Elon suggests such orbital transports would be best implemented as two-stage vehicles. However, this simulation shows the upper stage of the SpaceX Interplanetary Transport System (ITS) introduced by Elon Musk in 2016 could get a total 190 metric tons to orbit as an expendable SSTO, including the stage and the payload:

 Since the stage was estimated to weigh 90 tons, this would mean 100 metric tons payload as an expendable SSTO. Then the question is how much mass would be taken up for propellant for return using vertical landing.

 However, in the latest incarnation introduced in 2017 the upper stage of the now BFR is about half as large in propellant load and with 6 engines instead of 9. Here are screen grabs from the video on the latest version:

  So we may estimate this half-size version to have half the dry mass at ca. 45 metric tons and could get approx. 50 metric tons to LEO as an expendable SSTO.

 As justification for this dry mass estimate, here's the description of the original ITS upper stage, both spaceship and tanker versions:

 And here's the description of the BFR spaceship, half size to the ITS version:

 You see the BFR spaceship is at about half the listed dry mass value as the ITS spaceship.  Actually during the video Musk says the design mass was just at half at 75 tons, but the 85 tons mass was allowing for weight growth. So it is plausible the BFR tanker is ca. half the mass of the ITS version or a little more, ca. 45+ tons.

 We'll give it 9 engines instead of 6 so it'll have enough thrust to lift off with the heavy payload, and give it a dry mass of 50 metric tons with weight growth. Now do a payload estimate using Dr. John Schilling's launch performance estimator. The high expected thrust/weight ratio for the Raptors means they'll weigh perhaps 1,000 kg each. So the addition of 3 will add perhaps 3 tons to the dry mass. Since the payload is so high this will be a relatively small payload loss.

 The Schilling estimator takes the vacuum values for the Isp and thrust, so enter 375 s as the Isp and 9*1,900 kN= 17,100 kN for the total thrust.

 Insure that the "Restartable upper stage" option is set to "No" otherwise the payload will be reduced. And set the launch inclination to match the launch site, so at 28.5 degrees for Cape Canaveral:

 Then the result is:

 Confirming the ca. 50 metric ton payload as an expendable SSTO.

 But this puts it as an expendable SSTO in the payload range of the expendable Falcon Heavy while being also in the same size range of the Falcon Heavy. So this SSTO would get the same payload fraction as a 2 and 1/2 stage vehicle. Moreover, judging from the fact the ITS tanker upper stage was to cost $130 million production cost, the half size BFR tanker might only be $65 million, so it would be half the cost of the Falcon Heavy. But the Falcon Heavy as an expendable launcher already would be a significant cut in the cost to orbit. So the BFR tanker as an expendable SSTO could be a great reduction in the cost to space, compared to current values.

 I had earlier done a calculation that showed the Falcon Heavy as an expendable with 53 metric ton payload capacity and $125 million launch cost could be financially feasible as a tourism vehicle to orbital space or transport to orbital space hotels:

Falcon Heavy for Orbital Space Tourism.
http://exoscientist.blogspot.com/2014/09/falcon-heavy-for-orbital-space-tourism.html
 ​
 So this BFR tanker could likewise be feasible financially as an expendable SSTO, as the price should be well less than $125 million as an expendable. But of course SpaceX wants to make it reusable. The reusability should cut the launch cost multiple times. Then the question is how much will reusability cut into the payload mass?

Reusable SSTO case.
  In the presentations on the ITS and BFR both the spaceship and tanker versions of the upper stage were always presented as reusable. So it is likely the heat shield mass is already included in the cited vehicle dry mass values. I'm estimating though surprisingly high values for the thermal protection of the BFR upper stages, either spaceship or tanker versions. I'm using the fact as indicated in the wiki page on the BFR that it will use the PICA-X thermal protection material. Several references give the PICA-X density as about 0.25 gm/cc = 250 kg/m3, and the thickness as on the Dragon 2 as 7.5 cm, 0.075 m, about 3 inches.

 The BFR upper stage has a length of 48 meters and a width of 9 meters. The top part of the stage is conical. Visually, this top portion is about 1/3rd the vehicle length, so about 16 meters long. So I'll approximate the bottom area to be covered by thermal protection covered as 32*9 + (1/2)*16*9= 360 m2.

 Then the volume of the thermal protection material is 360 * 0.075 = 27 m3. At a density of 250 kg/m3, that amounts to a mass for the thermal protection of 27 * 250 = 6,750 kg, which is a surprisingly high included mass in the dry mass of 85 tons for the spaceship upper stage or the 50 tons for the tanker upper stage.

 One possibility, is the thickness of the PICA-X for the Dragon 2 is coming from the fact it is doing a ballistic reentry, thus generating high heat. However, the BFR upper stage will be doing a more gentle gliding reentry. So perhaps the thermal protection will only need to be half as thick, so weigh half as much. For instance, the heat shield tiles on the underside on the space shuttle only weighed half the PICA-X tiles.

 And new versions of these space shuttle tiles used on the X-37B are more durable while remaining lightweight:

The X-37B stands in front of part of the fairing that protects it during launch, showing off the silica tiles on its underside. Those TUFI (toughened uni-piece fibrous insulation) tiles are said to be more durable than their counterparts on the space shuttle. On the leading edge of the wings, meanwhile, are TUFROC (toughened uni-piece fibrous refractory oxidation-resistant ceramic ) tiles, which NASA named the government winner of its 2011 Invention of the Year Award.

http://www.space4peace.org/articles/space_plane_of_mystery.htm

 Elon has implied the reusable version of the BFR upper stage would only get perhaps in the range of 10 to 15 metric tons payload (by saying it's an order of magnitude less than the full BFR 150 ton reusable payload.) That loss in payload is not coming from the heat shield mass since that's already included in the vehicle dry mass. The loss in payload is high though, 40 tons, nearly the size of the entire vehicle dry mass, presumably because of the amount of the propellant that needs to be kept on reserve for landing on return.

 I'd like to see a trade study of the payload of instead going with wings for a horizontal landing. See for example the discussion here:

http://yarchive.net/space/launchers/horizontal_vs_vertical_landing.html

 Wings typically take up only 10% of an aircraft dry mass. Then with carbon composites, that would be cut to less than 5% of the landed (dry) mass. Keep in mind the loss in payload with vertical, propulsive landing is nearly 100% of the vehicle dry mass. Also, going with short, stubby wings as with the X-37B, you can make the wing weight even less:

 The areal size of the wings in that case would also be less than that of bottom area of the BFR tanker, perhaps only 1/4th to 1/3rd the areal size. So the increase in heat shield mass would only be at most 1/3 that of the approx. 6,750 kg mass of the current heat shield, so perhaps an extra 2,250 kg. But actually the addition of wings gives a gentler glide slope so probably the heat shield thickness could be reduced. The result might even be the total heat shield mass would be reduced by adding wings.

 Elon has spoken of preferring vertical landing because it could be used generally on both worlds with and without atmospheres. However, to achieve his desired goal of making mankind multiplanetary, making human orbital spaceflight commonplace is an important part of that goal. A lower development and production cost BFR upper stage acting as a reusable SSTO would go a long way towards that goal. So even if the optimized orbital or point-to-point transport looks completely different than the interplanetary lander, such as requiring wings for example, it would still be important to develop it.

 Advantage of altitude-compensation.
 In the discussion after the introduction of the BFR, Elon Musk and other commenters on various space forums, engaged in alot of speculation on the optimal combination of sea level engines, vacuum engines, and some medium, intermediate area ratio engines. This is necessitated because the highest Isp engines, optimized for vacuum, can not operate reliably, and safely at sea level. But then using sea level engines or even intermediate level engines would subtract from the Isp possible.

 This illuminates once again the importance of implementing altitude compensation engines in space flight, at least for Earth launch. This would permit the high thrust needed at launch at sea level, as well as the high Isp needed at near vacuum.

 There are many ways to implement the altitude compensation and none are particularly difficult to do. Some methods are discussed here [1], [2], [3], [4], [5].


REFERENCES.

1.)Altitude compensation attachments for standard rocket engines, and applications.
http://exoscientist.blogspot.com/2014/10/altitude-compensation-attachments-for.html

2.)Altitude compensation attachments for standard rocket engines, and applications, Page 2: impulse pressurization methods.
http://exoscientist.blogspot.com/2016/01/altitude-compensation-attachments-for.html

3.)Altitude compensation attachments for standard rocket engines, and applications, Page 3: stretchable metal nozzles.
http://exoscientist.blogspot.com/2016/06/altitude-compensation-attachments-for.html

4.)Altitude compensation attachments for standard rocket engines, and applications, Page 4: the double aerospike.
http://exoscientist.blogspot.com/2016/10/altitude-compensation-attachments-for.html

5.)Altitude compensation attachments for standard rocket engines, and applications, Page 5: metal foil expandable nozzles.
http://exoscientist.blogspot.com/2017/08/altitude-compensation-attachments-for.html